A vertical root fracture is one of the most difficult conditions to diagnose in Endodontics. It may cause only minor symptoms, mimic persistent infection and, in its early stages, may not be directly visible on radiographs or even on cone beam computed tomography (CBCT).This matters because the diagnosis has major consequences: in many cases, a vertical root fracture seriously compromises the p...

When a root canal is heavily calcified, the space normally occupied by the pulp can become extremely narrow or appear to disappear on radiographs.This can make root canal treatment significantly more demanding, but a calcified canal does not automatically mean that the tooth is lost or impossible to treat.What does it mean to have a calcified root canal?Throughout life, the pulp may deposit den...

During root canal treatment, extremely fine instruments may be used to clean and shape the root canals. In some situations, one of these instruments may fracture and remain lodged inside the canal.For the patient, this is understandably worrying news. However, it is important to understand that a separated instrument does not automatically mean that the tooth is lost or that the treatment has n...